Today in History (general history)/ On This Day in Confederate History/ Confederate General Birthdays, Jan. 17.

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ON THIS DAY IN CONFEDERATE HISTORY, Jan. 17.

1862: The Memphis Daily Appeal newspaper reports the Confederate Congress passed an act granting bonuses to all privates, musicians, and non-commissioned officers who volunteered for 12 months, will be paid a $50 bonus for reenlisting for three years or the end of the war, if sooner. A fleet of Federal gunboats attacked Confederate Fort Henry on the Tennessee River on this day as a prelude to a major advance along the river by the Federal Army. The Confederate bastion was a star-shaped fort 12 miles west of Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River. Fort Henry had 17 heavy artillery pieces, including a 10-inch Columbiad. 

1863: The Memphis Daily Appeal reports the casualties of the 5th Regiment Mississippi Volunteers for the Battle of Murfreesboro: Field and Staff--Wounds: Lieut. Col. W. K. Sykes, severely in the shoulder; Adj't W.M. Oglesby, slightly in the head; Acting Serg't-Major W.K. Meeks, killed. . . .

President Davis appointed three Confederate major generals and four brigadier generals on this day. The major generals were Daniel Smith Donelson, Jubal Anderson Early, and Isaac Ridgeway Trimble. The brigadier generals were Henry Lewis Benning, Robert Frederick Hoke, Samuel McGowan, and William Tatum Wofford.

Two unidentified Mississippi Confederates

CONFEDERATE GENERAL BIRTHDAYS, Jan. 17.

NONE.

Today in History (general history)/ On This Day in Confederate History/ Confederate General Birthdays, Jan. 16.

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ON THIS DAY IN CONFEDERATE HISTORY, Jan. 16.

1863: CSS Florida slips out of Mobile Bay and past the blockade on this date to begin its naval campaign against Union commerce shipping. It was under the command of Lieutenant John Newland Maffitt. It was a sloop-of-war, 191 ft. long, 27.2 beams, 13 ft. draft, speed 9.5-knot speed, 1 46 crewmen. It had six, 6-inch rifled guns, two, 7-inch rifled guns, and one, 12-pounder boat howitzer.

1865: At the recently captured Fort Fisher, two drunken Federal soldiers foraging for loot enter with torches an ammunition magazine and blew up 13,000 pounds of gunpowder. Killed in the explosion were 25 and 66 wounded. It was the largest Confederate fort and was manned by the entire 36th North Carolina Infantry. It also had numerous large-caliber, 8- and 10-inch Columbiads and numerous other guns.

CONFEDERATE GENERAL BIRTHDAYS, Jan. 16.

Major General George Edward Pickett was born on this day in 1825 in Richmond, Virginia. He graduated from West Point in 1846, the last in his class of 59 cadets. Pickett, a second lieutenant in the Mexican-American War, he fought in the Battle of Chapultepec, Mexico, and rose to the rank of captain. He participated Pig War of 1859. Resigning from the U.S. Army in 1861, he joined the Confederate Army and by January 1862 was a brigadier general. He led a brigade in The Peninsula Campaign, the Suffolk Campaign, the Battle of Gettysburg (most prominently in Pickett's Charge), the Second Battle of Petersburg, and finally the Appomattox Campaign and the Battle of Five Forks. Following the war, he moved to Canada and didn't return to Virginia in 1866. He died July 30, 1875, in Norfolk, Virginia, and was buried in Richmond, Va. at Hollywood Cemetery.

Maj. Gen. George E. Pickett

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Brigadier General James Phillip Simms was born on this day in 1837 in Covington, Georgia. Before the war he practiced law in Covington, Ga., and was a brigadier general in the Georgia militia. Starting out the War for Southern Independence as a second lieutenant, he served in the 6th Georgia Militia, and the 42nd Georgia Infantry, and worked his way up to a major in the 53rd Georgia Infantry, and then colonel of the regiment. He was with this regiment at the Battle of Fredericksburg, the Battle of Salem Church, and the Battle of Gettysburg. He and his regiment were with Longstreet's Corps in the Chattanooga Campaign and the Knoxville Campaign in Tennessee where he was wounded at the Battle of Fort Sanders. Simms commanded a brigade in Jubal Early's Valley Campaign of 1864 and distinguished himself at the Battle of Cedar Creek. He was promoted to brigadier general on Dec. 8, 1864, and was in the Siege of Petersburg, and the Battle of Sayler's Creek on April 6, 1865. Captured at Sayler's Creek, he was released on July 24, 1865. Returning to Georgia, he resumed practicing law and served a term in the Georgia legislature. He died on May 30, 1887, at Covington, Ga. where he was buried in Southview Cemetery.

Brig. Gen. James P. Simms

Today in History (general history)/ On This Day in Confederate History/ Confederate general birthdays, Jan. 15.

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ON THIS DAY IN CONFEDERATE HISTORY, Jan. 15.

1861: SIEGE OF FORT PICKENS: On January 15, the militiamen of both Florida and Alabama at Fort Barrancas, Pensacola, Fla., demanded the surrender of Fort Pickens on Santa Rosa Island, but the Federal commander Lt. Adam J. Slemmer, refuses, and the standoff continues. 

The photograph shows Company B of the 9th Mississippi Infantry at Washington Navy Yard in Pensacola, Fla. in 1861. The cook is identified as Kinlock Falconer. (Information from the Image of War, 1981). Also depicted is Thomas A. Falconer of Holly Springs, Mississippi, holding a newspaper and James Cunningham standing at the center. (Source: Field, Ron. Silent Witness, 2017, page 43) (Library of Congress)

1865: Second Battle of Fort Fisher, North Carolina. Known as the "Gibraltar of the South," Federal land and sea forces attacked the Confederate bastion which was commanded by Major General H.C. Whiting and Colonel William Lamb and manned by soldiers from Major General Robert Hoke's North Carolina Division. Whiting was mortally wounded and Lamb wounded, so command was turned over to Major James Reilly. By 10 o'clock P.M., the fort was overwhelmed and surrendered. Confederates suffered 583 killed and wounded and the entire 1900-man garrison was captured. The Federal forces consisted of 9,632 soldiers, 2,261 sailors, and marines in 58 ships. Casualties of the Northerners were 111 killed, 540 wounded, and 13 missing, for the Army; and 88 killed, 271 wounded, and 34 missing for the Navy.

Col. William Lamb, wounded, second

in command to Gen. Whiting (mortally wounded)

CONFEDERATE GENERAL BIRTHDAYS, Jan. 15.

Major General John Cabell Breckinridge was born on this day in 1821 in Louisville, Kentucky.  Breckinridge had an impressive antebellum political career. He was in the Mexican American War briefly but the fighting was over before he got to the front. He was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives, and the U.S. Congress, was vice president under President Buchanan, and then was a U.S. Senator for Kentucky at the time the war began. He resigned from the Senate to join the Confederate Army. Although he had little military experience, he turned out to be one of the best of the many political generals. Commissioned a brigadier general, he led the Reserve Corps at the Battle of Shiloh and his performance there earned him a promotion to major general. He fought at the Battle of Baton Rouge, La. Aug. 5, 1862, the Battle of Perryville, Ky. Oct. 8, 1862, and then the very bloody Battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Dec. 31, 1862-Jan. 2, 1863. As part of the Vicksburg relief army, he was at the Battle of Jackson, Miss. in May 1863, then the Battle of Chickamauga in Sept. 1863, and then the battles for Chattanooga in Nov. 1863. After a falling out with Gen. Braxton Bragg, President Davis assigned him to Eastern Theater and gave him command of the Department of E. Tenn. and W. Va. where he won a major victory in the Battle of New Market, Va. May 15, 1864. He then led a division in the Battle of Cold Harbor, Va. where he was injured when his horse was hit by a cannonball and fell on him. While still recovering and unable to walk, he led his forces at the Battle of Lynchburg, Va., and saved the day for the Confederates. Breckinridge reorganized the Dept. of E. Tenn. & W. Va., and his troops successfully defended the Salt Works at the First Battle of Saltville. Later he was able to drive off another attack on that area. Breckinridge was appointed Confederate Secretary of War on Feb. 6, 1865. After Lee surrendered, he was in charge of the Confederate treasury, which had $150,000 worth of gold. With the capture of President Davis, some of his group surrendered but he escaped to Cuba after many adventures. After President Andrew Johnson proclaimed a general amnesty, Breckinridge returned to the U.S. He worked in the insurance business, received a professorship at Washington College, and served in several railroad positions. He died May 17, 1873, at age 54. He was buried in Lexington Cemetery.

Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge

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Major General Lafayette McLaws was born on this day in 1821 in Augusta, Georgia. He graduated from West Point in 1842, 48th in a class of 56 cadets. McLaws was an infantry officer in the Mexican-American War and served in the Utah War against the Mormons. He resigned from the U.S. Army in 1861 and became the colonel of the 10th Georgia Infantry in the Confederate Army. Promoted to brigadier general, he was in the Peninsular Campaign in 1862. He was promoted to major general on May 23, 1862, and led a division in the Army of Northern Virginia in the Seven Days Battles, the Second Battle of Manassas, Harper's Ferry, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Knoxville, after which he had a falling out with General Longstreet. McLaws was exonerated by a court-martial and was assigned to the defenses of Savannah, Ga. After the war, McLaws worked as a tax collector for the IRS, a postmaster in Savannah, and in various business ventures. He died in Savannah on July 24, 1897, and was buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery.

Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws

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Today in History (general history)/ On This Day in Confederate History/ Confederate General Birthdays, Jan. 14.

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ON THIS DAY IN CONFEDERATE HISTORY, Jan. 14.

1861: Fort Pike, which guards the Rigolets pass, which leads to Lake Borgne and the Gulf of Mexico, near New Orleans, Louisiana, is occupied by the Continental Guards, Co. B, Continental Reg't. La. Militia. Wearing tricorn hats was popular with some state militias and volunteer companies, both in the North and South, reminiscent of their Revolutionary War grandfathers. 

Some militia companies wore

uniforms inspired by the Revolutionary

War Continental Army uniforms. Pvt.

Albert B. Martin of the 3rd Co., 

Washington Artillery of New Orleans

 is wearing a tri-corn hat.

1862: Three general officers were made on this day by President Jefferson Davis, including John Clifford Pemberton to Major General, John Ring Jackson, and George Edward Pickett, all brigadier generals.

1863: The CSS J.A. Cotton, commanded by Captain Emelius Woods Fuller, battled four Federal gunboats, the Calhoun, Diana, Estrella, and the Kinsman, as well as troops under Brig. Gen. Godfrey Weitzel in Bayou Teche, La. near Brashear City (modern-day Morgan City). Outgunned, the Cotton battles the enemy valiantly on the river while the bluecoats and Southern infantry in trenches battle onshore. The fight would continue into the next day.

1865: In Tupelo, Mississippi, General P.G.T. Beauregard takes temporary command of the Army of Tennessee. Later Lt. Gen. Richard Taylor assumes command of the legendary Confederate Army and then Gen. Joseph E. Johnston is put in command for the remaining days of the war.

CONFEDERATE GENERAL BIRTHDAYS, Jan. 14.

Brigadier General John Bullock Clark Jr. was born on this day in 1831 in Fayette, Missouri. He practiced law in Fayette until 1861 when he joined the Confederate Army as a lieutenant and was promoted successively to captain and major in the 6th Missouri Infantry. He fought in the battles of Springfield and Carthage, Mo., and was promoted to colonel and commanded a brigade at the Battle of Elk Horn Tavern, Ark. Clark was promoted to brigadier general on March 6, 1864, and fought in Price's Raid of 1864. After the war, Clark returned to practicing law in Fayette and was then elected to the U.S. Congress where he served for 10 years. He then worked as the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives and remained in Washington D.C. until his death on Sept. 7. 1903. He was buried in Rock Creek Cemetery in Clark, Mo. which was named in his honor.

Brig. Gen. John B. Clark

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Today in History (general history)/ On This Day in Confederate History/ Confederate General Birthdays, Jan. 13.

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ON THIS DAY IN CONFEDERATE HISTORY, Jan. 13.

1861: President Buchanan receives envoys from South Carolina Gov. Francis W. Pickens and Major Robert Anderson, commander of Fort Sumter, to find a peaceful settlement of the standoff at Fort Sumter, Charleston, South Carolina. Buchanan refuses any surrender of Fort Sumter. His efforts at compromise fail. While many modern historians rate Buchanan as the worst U.S. president, from a strict constitutionalist point of view, his approach was the correct approach. If his approach had been followed, a peaceful resolution may have eventually been found, hundreds of thousands of lives saved, and the country or countries may have had a much more peaceful and prosperous future.

President James Buchanan, the 15th U.S. President,

did not believe states had a right to secede.

He also believed that the federal government could not legally stop

a sovereign state from withdrawing from the Union. (Library of Congress)

1863: Confederate Major General Earl Van Dorn, leaving with his cavalry command at Tupelo, Miss., was ordered to move to Middle Tenn. and joined the Confederate Army of Tennessee in Middle Tenn. 

1865: U.S. Navy warships begin the bombardment of Fort Fisher, North Carolina in preparation for the landing of troops. The Confederate bastion is armed with 47 heavy artillery pieces and 2,000 crack troops to man the trenches and 6,000 more nearby. Federal General Alfred H. Terry successfully lands 8,000 troops north of the fort and dig in. 

CONFEDERATE GENERAL BIRTHDAYS, Jan. 13.

Brigadier General William Whedbee Kirkland was born on this day in 1833, in Hillsborough, North Carolina. He was appointed to West Point in 1852 but did not graduate and was commissioned a 2nd lt. in the U.S. Marine Corps in 1855. Kirkland participated in the Battle of Barrier Forts, China with a U.S. Navy and Marines detachment against Chinese forces in 1856. The Americans won. He resigned his commission in the U.S.M.C. in 1860. In 1861, Kirkland was elected colonel of the 21st N.C. Infantry. He was at the First Battle of Manassas, Va. but was not seriously involved in the fighting. He was seriously wounded at the First Battle of Winchester in 1862. While recovering Kirkland served on the staff of Gen. Patrick Cleburne at the Battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. After returning to Virginia, he took part in the Battle of Gettysburg, Pa. with the 21st N.C. and was promoted to brigadier general in August. He was again wounded in action at the Battle of Bristoe Station and recuperated in time to take part in the Battle of the Wilderness and the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House. Kirkland was wounded for the third time at the Battle of Cold Harbor. Transferred to Maj. Gen. Robert Hoke's Division, he took part in the defense of Fort Fisher at Petersburg, the defense of Fort Fisher, N.C., and the Battle of Bentonville, N.C. Kirkland moved to Savannah, Ga. after the war where he was in the commission business. Gen. Kirkland died May 12, 1915, and was buried at Elmwood Cemetery.

Brig. Gen. William W. Kirkland

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Brigadier General Humphrey Marshall was born on this day in 1812 in Frankfort, Kentucky. He graduated from West Point in 1832, took part in the Black Hawk War, and was breveted a 2nd lt. He resigned from the army in 1833 to study law but continued his military service in the Kentucky state militia. Marshall was a colonel of the 1st Kentucky Cavalry in the Mexican-American War and fought at the Battle of Buena Vista, Mexico. Afterward, he served in the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky after that war. In the War for Southern Independence, he was commissioned as a brigadier general in the Confederate Army and saw limited action in Western Virginia, including a loss at the Battle of Middle Creek. Marshall resigned in June 1862 but rejoined to take part in Bragg's Kentucky Campaign of 1862. Resigning again, he moved to Richmond, Va. to practice law. He was then elected to the Second Confederate Congress. After the war, Marshall moved to New Orleans, and then to Louisville, Ky. to practice law. He died there on March 28, 1872, and was buried in the State Cemetery in Frankfort, Ky.

Brig. Gen. Humphrey Marshall

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Today in History (general history)/ On This Day in Confederate History/ Confederate General Birthdays, Jan. 12.

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ON THIS DAY IN CONFEDERATE HISTORY, Jan. 12.

1861: After having occupied the abandoned Fort Barrancas at Pensacola, Florida, state troops demanded the surrender of the still Federal-held Fort Pickens on Santa Rosa Island, its barracks, Fort McCree, and the Warrington Naval Yard. This set up a long standoff situation.

A Confederate battery in one of the forts at Pensacola, Florida

1863: The third session of the Confederate Congress convened. In his address to Congress, President Davis spoke of his hopes for European recognition of the Confederacy. In concluding his speech, he gave this tribute to Southern womanhood: "In the homes of our noble and devoted women, without whose sublime sacrifices our success would have been impossible, the noise of the loom and of the spinning wheel may be heard throughout the land. With hearts swelling with gratitude let us, then, join in returning thanks to God, and in beseeching the continuance of his protecting care over our cause and the restoration of peace with its manifold blessings to our beloved country."

President Jefferson Davis

(White House of the Confederacy)

Southern women supporting their Southern soldiers

(Library of Congress)

CONFEDERATE GENERAL BIRTHDAYS, Jan 12.

Major General Jones Mitchell Withers was born on this day in 1814 at Madison County, Alabama. He attended West Point and graduated with the class of 1835 44th in class standing out of 56 cadets. Withers served one year in the U.S. Army and resigned to practice law in Alabama. He returned to the army for the Mexican American War and served as a lieutenant colonel in the 13th Infantry and colonel of the 9th U.S. Infantry. Withers again resigned from the army May 23, 1848 and entered politics serving in the state legislature, U.S. House of Representatives and the mayor of Mobile, Ala. At the outbreak of war, he joined the Confederate Army as a colonel of the 3rd Alabama Infantry and was promoted to brigadier general in July 1861 and led a division at the Battle of Shiloh. He led his division at the Battle of Murfreesboro. He briefly resigned and then was restored as a major general and was given command of the Dept. of Ala., Miss., & E. La. Withers was paroled at the end of the war. After the war he was a cotton broker and became mayor of Mobile and editor of the Mobile Tribune newspaper. He died March 13, 1890, in Mobile and was buried at Magnolia Cemetery.

Maj. Gen. Jones M. Withers

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Brigadier General Joseph Robert Davis was born on this day in 1825 at Woodville, Mississippi. Before the war he practiced law. At the beginning of the War for Southern Independence, he served as a captain in the state militia, served as a lieutenant colonel of the 10th Mississippi Infantry, and then on the staff of President Jefferson Davis with the rank of colonel of cavalry. Davis was then commissioned a brigadier general Sept. 15, 1862. He then commanded a brigade at Gettysburg, the Wilderness, the Siege of Petersburg, and the Appomattox Campaign. After the war, he lived in Biloxi, Miss. died Sept. 15, 1896, and is buried in Biloxi Cemetery.

Brig. Gen. Joseph R. Davis

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Brigadier General Richard Waterhouse was born on this day in 1832 in Rhea County, Tennessee. As a youth, he ran away from home to join the army and fight in the Mexican-American War. Following that war he moved to San Augustin, Texas where he became a businessman. With the outbreak of war in 1861, he helped raise and was elected colonel of the 19th Texas Infantry in Walker's Texas Infantry Division, also called "Walker's Greyhounds" for their epic marching. Waterhouse fought at the Battle of Milliken's Ben, La., Battle of Mansfield, and the Battle of Pleasant Hill in La., the Jenkin's Ferry, Ark. during the Red River Campaign. He was appointed brigadier general by Dept. Cmdr. Gen. Kirby Smith to date from April 30, 1864, which was eventually confirmed by President Davis on March 18, 1865, and by the Confederate Senate on March 18, 1865. After the war, he lived in San Antonio and Jefferson, Texas, and was in the land business. Waterhouse died March 20, 1876, of pneumonia after a fall down some stairs two days earlier. He was buried in Jefferson, Texas.

Brig. General Richard Waterhouse

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Today in History (general history)/ On This Day in Confederate History/ Confederate General Birthdays, Jan. 11.

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ON THIS DAY IN CONFEDERATE HISTORY, Jan. 11.

1861: Alabama became the fourth state to secede from the Union, joining South Carolina, Mississippi, and Florida. The Alabama Secession Convention also passed a resolution adopting a new flag for the Republic of Alabama. The blue flag featured a figure of the Goddess of Liberty holding a torch upright, with the motto "Independent Now and Forever." On the opposite side is a coiled rattlesnake with the Latin motto, "Noli Me Tangere." 

Pvt. John Jones holding his Enfield

rifle. This CDV image has an Alabama

provenance but Jones is too common a

name in Alabama to figure out which unit

 he may have belonged to. (M.D. Jones Collection)

Alabama Secession Flag

In Louisiana, state militia seized the U.S. Marine Hospital in New Orleans, which was a federal facility. The hospital service was part of a Federal hospital system established in 1798 for the "Relief of Sick and Disabled Seaman." It eventually transformed into the U.S. Public Health Service.

U.S. Marine Hospital, New Orleans, La.

1863: Naval Battle off Galveston: The CSS Alabama commanded by Captain Raphael Semmes sank the USS Hatteras commanded by Homer C. Blake on this day in the Gulf of Mexico off the Galveston Lighthouse, Texas.  The Federal ship was blockading the coast of Texas after the Confederate victory at Galveston on New Year's Day. It had a crew of 126 and was classified as a steamer armed with four 32-pounders, and one 20-pounder naval gun. Alabama had a crew of 132 and was armed with six 32-pounders, one 110-pounder, and one 68-pounder maritime gun. The Hatteras' captain thought he was chasing a blockade runner but was falling into a trap set by Semmes. When the Hatteras ordered the disguised mystery ship to be identified, the response was HMS Spitfire. But when the Federals lowered a boat, the Confederates hollered, "We're CSS Alabama," raised the Confederate flag, and opened fire with a powerful broadside. The two warships then engaged in an exchange of broadsides for 13 minutes and the Hatteras got the worst of it and began sinking. Captain Blake had the magazine flooded and the crew began abandoning the ship. Alabama began picking up survivors. The Federals lost two men killed, 118 captured and six seamen evaded captured by making it to shore. The victory had a major impact on the blockaders, and some would become paranoid that Alabama would reappear at any time. 

CSS Alabama sank the USS Hatteras

1865: Brigadier General Thomas Rosser with 300 troopers raided Beverly, West Virginia, killed 25 Federals, and took 583 prisoners.

CONFEDERATE GENERAL BIRTHDAYS, Jan. 11.

Brigadier General James Ronald Chalmers was born in 1831 in Halifax County, Virginia. Raised in Mississippi and became a lawyer. A supporter of secession, he became the colonel of the 9th Mississippi Infantry Regiment and was promoted to brigadier general and led a brigade in the Battle of Shiloh, Tenn. April 6,7, 1862. He then was given a cavalry command and took part in the Battle of Murfreesboro, the Battle of Brices Cross Roads, and the Battle of Franklin-Nashville Campaign. After the war, he was involved in Mississippi politics and was elected to the U.S. Congress. In 1884 he moved to Memphis, Tenn., and continued his law practice. Chalmers died on April 9, 1898.

Brig. Gen. James R. Chalmers

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Brigadier General Richard Griffith, in 1814, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Griffith moved to Vicksburg, Miss. about 1840. During the Mexican-American War, he served as a private in Col. Jefferson Davis' 1st Mississippi Rifles. After the war, he became a banker and U.S. Marshal. Griffith became the colonel of the 12th Mississippi Infantry at the beginning of the War for Southern Independence and was promoted to brigadier general in November 1861.  He was mortally wounded thigh June 29, 1862, in the Seven Days Battles and died the same day in Richmond, Virginia.

Brig. Gen. Richard Griffith

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Brigadier General Alfred Eugene Jackson on this day in 1807 at Davidson County, Tennessee. He was a merchant, farmer, and manufacturer of wares prior to the war and distributed goods through an extensive transportation network. Jackson entered Confederate service as a major in 1861 and became a quartermaster on the staff of Brigadier General Felix Zollicoffer, who was killed at the Battle of Mill Springs. He was promoted to brigadier general on Feb. 9, 1863, and given command of a brigade in East Tennessee. His brigade fought at the Battle of Blue Springs and suppressed guerilla activity in his department. After the war, he farmed and gradually got his property back, and returned to Jonesboro, Tenn. He died Oct. 30, 1889, in Jonesboro where he was buried.

Brig. Gen. Alfred E. Jackson

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